The Customs Union, International Cooperation and the European Union: The Customs Union and Other Forms of Economic Integration. Customs Unions: The Historical Evolution. Present-day Developments in International Trade Harmonization Techniques and their Application to Trade and Customs Law : General Principles. Scope and Methods of Harmonization .The Mechanism . Implementation and Enforcement. The Free Movement of Goods: Customs Duties and Charges with Equivalent Effect. The Framework . The Customs Territory . Free Movement of Goods. Institutional and Member States' Duties. Elimination of Customs Duties . Elimination of Charges Equivalent to Customs Duties . Charges for Services Rendered. The Free Movement of Goods: Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions and Measures with Equivalent Effect: Elimination of Quantitative Restrictions. Elimination of Measures Equivalent to Quantitative Restrictions through Investigation by the Commission and the ECJ. The Free Movement of Goods: Elimination of Measures with Equivalent Effect through Community Legislation: Introduction. Import and Export Licenses. Public Works, Public Supply and Procurement Contracts. Elimination of Technical Barriers to Trade. Elimination of Physical Barriers to Trade. Administrative Control. Elimination of Fiscal Discrimination. General Provisions. Discriminatory Taxation. Comparability of Taxes. Comparability of Products. Fiscal Discrimination in Favor of Exports. The Concept of “Equivalent Effect” and that of Discriminatory Taxation. Article 90 (ex 95) and the Harmonization of Legislation. Article 90 (ex 95) and State Monopolies. Repayment of Taxes Paid but Not Due. Penal Provisions: Sanctions and Enforcement: Penal Provisions in EC Secondary Legislation. The Draft Treaty on Common Penal Rules. The Governing Law. Controls to protect the EU’s financial interests. Proposed Directive on criminal law protection of the EU’s financial interests. Money laundering prevention. The Community as a Unit of International Trade: The Single Market and Community External Trade. The Common Customs Tariff: Establishment and Development. Customs Procedures on Importation and Exportation of Goods, Security of Supply Chain: Importation of Goods. Customs Procedures on Exportation of Goods. Authorized “Economic Operator”. The Community Transit Procedure: Internal Movement. Internal Community Transit. External Community Transit. Computerized Transit System. Special Customs Procedures: General Provisions. Customs Warehouses. Inward Processing. Outward Processing. Temporary Admission. Processing under Customs Control. Rules Applicable to Specific Sectors. Goods leaving the Customs Territory of the Community. Relief from Customs Duties: Returned Goods. Products of Sea Fishing The Customs Debt: The Concept of Customs Debt. How Customs Debt is Incurred. Security to Cover Customs Debt. Recovery of the Customs Debt. Extinction of Customs Debt. Repayment and Remission of Duties Common Commercial Policy: The CCT and the CCP. Treaty Provisions: Conventional Regime. The Community as a Party to Trade Agreements. Formation and Execution of Accession Treaties and Association Agreements. Trade Agreements Anti-Dumping and other Protective Measures: Anti-Dumping. Countervailing Measures. Protection against Illicit Commercial Practice The Impact on Non-EC Legislation in Major Markets: US, Australia, China, Brazil The New EC Customs Code: New Framework and Procedures. Electronic Exchange as Ordinary Clearance. European Risk Analysis in Controls