What emerges in the course of the analysis sheds important light on such crucial factors as the following:

• the political power of labor unions;
• the extent to which employee representatives can and do protect workers interests;
• `single-channel (labor unions only) versus `double-channel systems;
• invasion of the `turf of labor unions by employee representation systems; and
• inclusion of disadvantageous working conditions in collective agreements or workplace agreements.

In the aggregate, the study finds that, although employers are nowhere completely free to modify working conditions unilaterally, in all countries they can, abetted by the decline of labor unions and an emphasis on `flexibilization, make working conditions increasingly dependent on the individual employment contract. In this global context, the supremacy of labor unions is being questioned. This issue is undoubtedly one that deeply concerns all professionals interested in labor, employment, and industrial relations.

This volume in Kluwers Bulletin of Comparative Labour Relations series reprints papers submitted to the 8th Comparative Labor Law Seminar (JILPT Tokyo Seminar) held on 21 February, 2006.